Organic Chemistry

• Focuses on the elements: SPONCH
  • sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
• The main emphasis is on hydrocarbons
  • carbon and hydrogen chains
• Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which can bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds
  • these are alkanes

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond
  • more than one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms
  • these are alkenes or alkynes

Nomenclature

• Nomenclature is the naming of structures
• Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system
• A prefix exists for the main chain that describes the number of carbons
  • See Reference Table P
• A suffix exists for the main chain that describes the type of bonding
  • single, double, triple
  • See Reference Table Q
• Numbers can be used to denote on which carbon a double bond (etc.) is located
  • 1-butene has a double bond starting on carbon 1
  • 2-butene has a double bond starting on carbon 2

Prefixes for Hydrocarbons (Table P)

Prefix	Number of Carbons
meth-	1
eth-	2
prop-	3
but-	4
pent-	5
hex-	6
hept-	7
oct-	8
non-	9
dec-	10

Suffixes for Hydrocarbons (Table Q)

Name	Suffix	Type of Bonding
alkane	-ane	all single
alkene	-ene	at least one double
alkyne	-yne	at least one triple

Example: ethane → 2 carbons, all single bonds

How Many Hydrogens?

• It would be a pain to draw the structures and count all the hydrogens
• There's an easier way, with a few basic formulas
  • These are given to you in Reference Table Q
• If you know the number of carbons and the type of bonds, you can easily figure out the number of hydrogens
• You can also work backwards

Isomers

• Isomers are two (or more) versions of an organic compound that have the same molecular formula, but different structures
  • "iso-" means "same"
• Example: butane: C4H10
• Note: the N- just means "normal" and doesn't need to be written

Functional Groups

• There are many types of organic compounds, not just hydrocarbons
• Each of these contains at least one functional group
• A functional group gives physical and chemical properties to a molecule
• Functional groups include:
  • ketones
  • aldehydes
  • organic acids
  • alcohols
  • ethers
  • esters
  • halides
  • amines
  • amides
  • amino acids

Comparing Ketones, Aldehydes, and Organic Acids

Comparing Alcohols, Ethers, and Esters

Functional Group Reference Table

These are given on Reference Table R In the reference table, the functional group is shown, such as alcohol as -OH This means if you have a hydrocarbon with just an OH attached, you have an alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is CH3CH2OH In the "General Formula" column, you see R and R' These represent the rest of the molecule If the functional group includes C, you do count that carbon if you're naming the molecule The only functional group missing from the chart is amino acid Amino Acid This has an amine group -NH2 and an acid group -COOH hence the name "amino acid"

Classify the Compound Based on the Functional Group

Compound	Functional Group	Type of Compound
CH3CH2OH	-OH	alcohol
		ketone
		organic acid
CH3CH2Br	-Br	halide
CH3CH2COOH	-COOH	organic acid

Functional Group Drawing

• Draw the structure of butanic acid
  • "but-" is the prefix for 4 carbons
  • "-ic acid" means an organic acid with -COOH
• CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

• Draw the structure of 3-pentanone
  • "pent-" is the prefix for 5 carbons
  • "-one" means a ketone =C=O
  • The "3-" means the functional group is on the third carbon
• CH₃CH₂CHOCH₂CH₃
• Or:

Organic Chemical Reactions

• There are several reaction types specific to organic chemistry
  • addition
  • substitution
  • polymerization
  • esterification
  • fermentation
  • saponification
  • combustion

Organic Reaction: Addition

• When two molecules combine into a larger one
  • requires an alkene or alkyne (alkanes won't work)
  • this is like a synthesis chemical reaction
• Example:
  • HCl and propene react to form 2-chloropropane:
    • HCl + CH₂=CHCH₃ → CH₃CHClCH₃
    • The double bond in propene breaks
    • The bond in HCl breaks
    • New bonds are formed between these molecules

Organic Reaction: Substitution

• When two molecules swap a piece
  • works with alkanes
  • this is like a double displacement chemical reaction
• Example:
  • HCl and 2-butanol react to form 2-chlorobutane and water:
    • HCl + CH₃CHOHCH₂CH₃ → CH₃CHClCH₂CH₃ + H₂O
    • The C-OH bond in 2-butanol breaks
    • The bond in HCl breaks
    • New bonds are formed by swapping partners (OH and Cl in this case)
    • Two new molecules are made

Organic Reaction: Polymerization

• This occurs when many smaller pieces (monomers) join together into one larger piece (polymer)
  • This is the process behind making slime!
• The diagram shows molecules of ethene polymerizing into a long chain

Organic Reaction: Esterification

• Esterification is the process of making an ester
• Esters produce fragrances and are used in perfume
  • You can think of it like an "ester" egg has an odor
• Requires an organic acid and an alcohol

Organic Reaction: Fermentation

• Fermentation is the process of turning carbohydrates into an alcohol or an acid
• Yeast performs fermentation by converting sugar into alcohol
  • Carbon dioxide is a byproduct
• Bacteria perform fermentation by converting carbohydrates into lactic acid

Organic Reaction: Saponification

• Saponification is the process of making soap
• In this, animal or vegetable fat is converted into soap in the presence of an alkali (like NaOH) and heat
• Soap works because it has a polar end (which links to water) and a nonpolar end (which links to oils)

Organic Reaction: Combustion

• Combustion is the process of burning oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
• Combustion always involves molecular oxygen (O₂)
• They are almost always exothermic, thus producing heat
• Focus on the basic reactants and products

hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Combustion of propane:
C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O